n the endeavor of a Moslem scholar to derive a rule of divine law from the Koran and Hadith without relying on the views of other scholars; by the end of the 10th century theologians decided that debate on such matters would be closed and Muslim theology and law were frozen
some reform-minded Islamic scholars believe that reopening ijtihad is a prerequisite for the survival of Islam
n valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine; prevents material from flowing back from the large to the small intestine