Ohio's 1919 criminal-syndicalism law, one of 20 enacted by the states during the Bolshevik scare, failed to distinguish between mere advocacy of lawlessness and "advocacy directed .
Meanwhile the Whitney pardon encouraged the friends of many another person convicted under the California syndicalism law.
In Los Angeles, 27 members of the Industrial Workers of the World were convicted of criminal syndicalism and sentenced to from one to 14 years in San Quentin prison.